by Dr Linda Calabresi

Vitamin D deficiency not only affects bones but appears a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, according to a ‘state of the art’ report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (52: 1949-56).

“Vitamin D deficiency seems to predispose to hypertension, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, and chronic vascular inflammation,” the US report authors said after their review of the available studies.

In addition epidemiological evidence suggests an association between vitamin D deficiency and coronary risk factors and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, they said.

Proposed mechanisms of actions of vitamin D deficiency on the cardiovascular system include activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as well as causing an increase in parathyroid hormone increasing insulin resistance.

Using a definition of vitamin D deficiency  as a 25(OH)D level of <20ng/ml (50 nmol/l), the authors claim vitamin D deficiency is much more prevalent then previously recognised, being present in up to 50% of young adults. Increased distance from the equator, use of sunscreens and other sun avoidance strategies, obesity and older age all contributed to the prevalence of the deficiency, they added.

“Vitamin D supplementation is simple, safe and inexpensive,” the researchers said. While further research is needed to firmly establish the association, the authors suggest serum 25(OH)D levels should be monitored and any deficiency corrected in the interest of both musculoskeletal and general health.